OSOYOO V3 Robot Car Lesson 4: Line-Following Robot for Arduino (Model 2025005300)

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1Objective

In this lesson, you will transform your OSOYOO V3 Robot Car into an autonomous line-following robot.

Using a 5-channel infrared line tracking sensor array, the robot can detect the position of a black line on a light-colored surface and continuously adjust its direction to stay on the track.

Line following is one of the most fundamental technologies used in mobile robotics and automated guided vehicles (AGVs). It provides an excellent introduction to sensor-based navigation and real-time decision-making.

Before starting this lesson, make sure you have successfully completed Lesson 1: Basic Robot Car Assembly.

After completing this project, you will be able to:

• Understand how infrared line tracking sensors work
• Read sensor signals using Arduino
• Interpret multiple sensor inputs simultaneously
• Implement basic autonomous navigation logic
• Build a robot capable of following a predefined path

2Parts and Devices:

No.	Picture	Device	Qty.	Accessories	Link
1		Tracking sensor module	1	M3 Plastic Screw x 2 M3 Plastic Nut x2 M3 Plastic Pillar x 2	Click here to buy
2		7pin 25cm Female to Female Cable	1		Click here to buy
3		Philips screwdriver	1		Click here to buy
4		Hex Screwdriver	1		Click here to buy
5		M3 plastic screw	2
6		M3 plastic pillar	2
7		M3 plastic nut	2

3Line Tracking Sensor Working Principle

Infrared Reflection Detection

Each tracking sensor contains two components: an infrared LED (emitter) and an infrared phototransistor (receiver).

The infrared LED continuously emits invisible infrared light toward the ground.

The amount of reflected infrared light depends on the surface color: White Surface and Black Surface. White surfaces reflect most of the infrared light. As a result:

• Strong reflected signal
• Sensor detects HIGH reflection
• Receiver output changes state

Black surfaces absorb most of the infrared light. As a result:

• Weak reflected signal
• Sensor detects LOW reflection
• Receiver output changes state

This difference allows the robot to distinguish between the black track and the surrounding white background.

4Hardware Installation

Step 1: Start from the robot assembled in Lesson 1. If you have already completed Lesson 2 and Lesson 3, just keep it as is.

Step 2: Remove the M3 hex screw on the upper chassis. Mount the 5-channel tracking module at the front of the lower chassis using M3 plastic screws, pillars, and nuts.

Important Notes

• Sensor heads must face downward.
• Sensors should be positioned under the lower chassis.
• The blue potentiometer on the sensor should be positioned at the opening square at the front of the lower chassis.
• Maintain a consistent distance between the sensors and the ground.

Step 3: Connect the GND–VCC pin of the tracking sensor module to the GND–5V of the OSOLINK WIFI/BLE I/O shield; connect IR1, IR2, IR3, IR4, IR5 pins to A0, A1, A2, A3, D13 with a 7pin 25cm female-to-female cable as shown in the photo below (Remember: DO NOT remove any existing wires installed in Lesson 1):

Step 4: Reinstall the upper chassis and tighten all mounting screws.

5Software Installation

Open-source Arduino Software (IDE)		Download software here: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software?setlang=en
7-Zip is a free zip utility that unzips zip files		Download 7-Zip here for free https://www.7-zip.org/

1. Arduino IDE Setup: Download and install the latest version of the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software?setlang=en.

2. Code Acquisition: Download the provided sample code for Lesson 4 from here. Extract the contents and you will get a v3car-lesson4.ino in the folder v3car-lesson4. Open the v3car-lesson4.ino sketch in the Arduino IDE.

3. Board and Port Selection: Connect the OSOYOO Basic Board (compatible with Arduino UNO) to your computer via a USB cable (Crucially, ensure the robot car’s power switch is OFF and the battery is disconnected before connecting the board to your PC). Launch the Arduino IDE. Navigate to Tools > Board and select Arduino Uno. Then go to Tools > Port and select the appropriate serial port. If unsure, check your operating system’s device manager for the assigned port.

4. Code Upload: Click the “Upload” button (right arrow icon) to compile and transfer the sketch to the OSOYOO Basic Board.

6Sensor Calibration

Proper calibration is essential for reliable line tracking.

Calibration Procedure

1. Power on the robot, and hold your robot car.
2. Place the sensor over a black line on a white surface.
3. Adjust the onboard potentiometer using a small screwdriver.
4. Observe the indicator LED.

7Test the Car

Create a black line on a white surface, and place the center sensor above the black line. Turn on the robot and observe the tracking behavior.

• Track width: 20–30 mm
• High contrast between line and background
• Smooth surface

Expected Behavior

• Robot follows the line automatically.
• Robot corrects its direction when drifting left or right.
• Robot maintains alignment with the track.

8Troubleshooting

1. Robot Cannot Detect the Line

Check:

• Sensor wiring
• Sensor height
• Sensor calibration
• Battery voltage

2. Robot Frequently Loses the Line

Possible causes:

• Track is too narrow
• Curves are too sharp
• Sensor sensitivity is too low

3. Robot Turns Excessively

Possible causes:

• Uneven sensor calibration
• Sensor module mounted at an angle
• Surface reflections affecting detection

4. Ambient Light Interference

Strong sunlight may affect infrared sensors.

For best performance:

• Test indoors
• Avoid direct sunlight
• Avoid highly reflective surfaces

Infrared tracking sensors are most reliable under controlled lighting conditions.